In November 2012, Adarabioyo was called up to the England U16 squad for the first time. He made his England U16 debut, coming on as a 41st minute substitute and played the rest of the game to help the U16 side to beat Scotland U16 on 29 November 2012. Adarabioyo went on to make five appearances for England U16.

In August 2013, Adarabioyo was called up to the England U17 for the first time. He made his England U17 debut on 28 August 2013, as the U17 side lost 3–1 against Portugal U17. Adarabioyo went on to make three appearances for the England U17.

In September 2014, Adarabioyo was called up to the England U18 squad for the first time. He made his England U18 debut, coming on as a 60th minute substitute, in a 2–0 loss against Italy U18 on 24 September 2014. In his next appearance for the U18 side, Adarabioyo made his first starts, playing the whole game, in a 3–2 win against Poland U18 on 15 November 2014. He went on to make six appearances for England U18.

In November 2015, Adarabioyo was called up to the England U19 squad for the first time. After appearing as an unused substitute against Netherlands U19, he made his England U19 debut against Japan U19 on 15 November 2015, starting the whole game, as the U19 side won 5–1.

Adarabioyo captained the U18 side to the FA Youth Cup’s final, only to lose 5–2 on aggregate against Chelsea. Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Adarabioyo was called up to the first team, appearing twice as an unused substitute for two UEFA Champions League matches against Juventus and Borussia Mönchengladbach. On 21 February 2016, he made his first-team debut in an FA Cup match against Chelsea.

Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Adarabioyo was linked a move away from Manchester City, as Celtic and Tottenham Hotspur were interested in signing him, but ended up staying at the club. His performance in the pre–season matches was praised by Manager Pep Guardiola. As a result, he was promoted to Manchester City’s first team. Adarabioyo made his Champions League debut on 24 August 2016 as a substitute in a 1–0 win over Steaua București, in a Champions League play-off round match. He made two more appearances for Manchester City, coming against Swansea City and Celtic. At the end of the 2016–17 season, making three appearances in all competitions, Adarabioyo signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2021.

The 2017–18 season saw Adarabioyo continuing to feature in both the first team and the reserve side. It wasn’t until on 24 October 2017 when he made his first appearance of the season, coming against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the fourth round of the League Cup, as Manchester City won 4–1 in the penalty shootout following a 0–0 draw. Adarabioyo later made three more appearances, bringing up his tally to four in the 2017–18 season.

Adarabioyo joined West Bromwich Albion on loan for the 2018–19 season. He made his West Bromwich Albion, starting the whole game in the right-back position, in a 1–1 draw against Nottingham Forest on 7 August 2018. In the first two months at the club, however, he found himself out placed on the substitute bench. Following the injury and eventual of Allan Nyom, Adarabioyo began to feature in the first team more, playing in the right-back position. At times, he rotated in playing in the centre-back position.

Adarabioyo then set up West Bromwich Albion’s third goal of the game, in a 4–1 win against Leeds United on 10 November 2018. By the start of the second half of the season, he found himself placed on the substitute bench in a number of matches for the side, due to Mason Holgate preferred in the position. As a result, Adarabioyo began playing in the centre-back position, and once in the left-back position despite facing an injury along the way. In the second leg of the Championship play-offs against Aston Villa, he came on as an 82nd minute substitute bench and played the rest of the season, leading to the penalty–shootout, and successfully converted the club’s third penalty, as they lost 4–3. At the end of the 2018–19 season, Adarabioyo made thirty–six appearances in all competitions. Following this, he returned to his parent club.

In December 2018, Adarabioyo’s name was mentioned by teammate Raheem Sterling after he alleged that sections of the media served to “fuel racism” with their portrayal of young black footballers. The comments emerged after Sterling was subjected to alleged racist abuse during City’s 2–0 defeat at Chelsea. In response to his name being mentioned, Adarabioyo said on his Instagram account: “When they try to abuse and bring us down but God has protected you from all angles. Another year of prosperity.”

In July 2019, Adarabioyo joined Blackburn Rovers on loan for the 2019–20 season. He made his Blackburn debut when starting the whole game in the centre-back position in a 2–0 loss against Fulham on 10 August 2019. In the first two months at the club, however, he found himself out of the starting eleven. By October, Adarabioyo soon established himself in the first team and formed a centre-back partnership with Derrick Williams, Ryan Nyambe and Darragh Lenihan. He scored his first career goal on 2 November in a 2–1 win for Blackburn Rovers against Sheffield Wednesday. This last until he suffered an injury that kept him out for two matches.

Adarabioyo returned to the starting line–up against Huddersfield Town on 29 December 2019, as the club lost 2–1. His performance at Blackburn Rovers led to suggestions that Manager Guardiola would recalled him in wake of Manchester City’s injury crisis, but he denied this and continue allowing the player to resume playing for the club. However, his second goal for Blackburn Rovers came on 15 February 2020, in a 2–0 win against Charlton Athletic. Adarabioyo continued as a first-team regular, and by the time the season was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic, he had made 27 league appearances. Adarabioyo remained an integral part of the team once the season resumed behind closed doors, and had his loan spell with the club extended until the end of the 2019–20 season. He scored his third goal for the club, in a 3–1 win against Bristol City on 20 June 2020. At the end of the 2019–20 season, Adarabioyo made 35 appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.

On 5 October 2020, Adarabioyo signed for Manchester City’s Premier League rivals Fulham. As part of the transfer, the Manchester Evening News reported that Manchester City will receive up to £2million for the transfer and have inserted a 20 per cent sell on fee in the deal.